.TH IPTABLES 8 "Mar 20, 2000" "" "" .\" .\" Man page written by Herve Eychenne .\" It is based on ipchains man page. .\" .\" ipchains page by Paul ``Rusty'' Russell March 1997 .\" Based on the original ipfwadm man page by Jos Vos (see README) .\" .\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify .\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by .\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or .\" (at your option) any later version. .\" .\" This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, .\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of .\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the .\" GNU General Public License for more details. .\" .\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License .\" along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software .\" Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. .\" .\" .SH NAME iptables \- IP packet filter administration .SH SYNOPSIS .BR "iptables -[ADC] " "chain rule-specification [options]" .br .BR "iptables -[RI] " "chain rulenum rule-specification [options]" .br .BR "iptables -D " "chain rulenum [options]" .br .BR "iptables -[LFZ] " "[chain] [options]" .br .BR "iptables -[NX] " "chain" .br .BR "iptables -P " "chain target [options]" .br .BR "iptables -E " "old-chain-name new-chain-name" .SH DESCRIPTION .B Iptables is used to set up, maintain, and inspect the tables of IP packet filter rules in the Linux kernel. There are several different tables which may be defined, and each table contains a number of built-in chains, and may contain user-defined chains. Each chain is a list of rules which can match a set of packets: each rule specifies what to do with a packet which matches. This is called a `target', which may be a jump to a user-defined chain in the same table. .SH TARGETS A firewall rule specifies criteria for a packet, and a target. If the packet does not match, the next rule in the chain is the examined; if it does match, then the next rule is specified by the value of the target, which can be the name of a user-defined chain, or one of the special values .IR ACCEPT , .IR DROP , .IR QUEUE , or .IR RETURN . .PP .I ACCEPT means to let the packet through. .I DROP means to drop the packet on the floor. .I QUEUE means to pass the packet to userspace. .I RETURN means stop traversing this chain, and resume at the next rule in the previous (calling) chain. If the end of a built-in chain is reached, or a rule in a built-in chain with target .I RETURN is matched, the target specified by the chain policy determines the fate of the packet. .SH TABLES There are current three tables (which tables are present at any time depends on the kernel configuration options and which modules are present). .TP .B "-t, --table" This option specifies the packet matching table which the command should operate on. If the kernel is configured with automatic module loading, an attempt will be made to load the appropriate module for that table if it is not already there. The tables are as follows: .BR "filter" This is the default table, and contains the built-in chains INPUT (for packets coming into the box itself), FORWARD (for packets being routed through the box), and OUTPUT (for locally-generated packets). .BR "nat" This table is consulted when a packet which is creates a new connection is encountered. It consists of three built-ins: PREROUTING (for altering packets as soon as they come in), OUTPUT (for altering locally-generated packets before routing), and POSTROUTING (for altering packets as they are about to go out). .BR "mangle" This table is used for specialized packet alteration. It has two built-in chains: PREROUTING (for altering incoming packets before routing) and OUTPUT (for altering locally-generated packets before routing). .SH OPTIONS The options that are recognized by .B iptables can be divided into several different groups. .SS COMMANDS These options specify the specific action to perform; only one of them can be specified on the command line, unless otherwise specified below. For all the long versions of the command and option names, you only need to use enough letters to ensure that .B iptables can differentiate it from all other options. .TP .BR "-A, --append" Append one or more rules to the end of the selected chain. When the source and/or destination names resolve to more than one address, a rule will be added for each possible address combination. .TP .BR "-D, --delete" Delete one or more rules from the selected chain. There are two versions of this command: the rule can be specified as a number in the chain (starting at 1 for the first rule) or a rule to match. .TP .B "-R, --replace" Replace a rule in the selected chain. If the source and/or destination names resolve to multiple addresses, the command will fail. Rules are numbered starting at 1. .TP .B "-I, --insert" Insert one or more rules in the selected chain as the given rule number. So, if the rule number is 1, the rule or rules are inserted at the head of the chain. This is also the default if no rule number is specified. .TP .B "-L, --list" List all rules in the selected chain. If no chain is selected, all chains are listed. It is legal to specify the .B -Z (zero) option as well, in which case the chain(s) will be atomically listed and zeroed. The exact output is effected by the other arguments given. .TP .B "-F, --flush" Flush the selected chain. This is equivalent to deleting all the rules one by one. .TP .B "-Z, --zero" Zero the packet and byte counters in all chains. It is legal to specify the .B "-L, --list" (list) option as well, to see the counters immediately before they are cleared; see above. .TP .B "-N, --new-chain" Create a new user-defined chain of the given name. There must be no target of that name already. .TP .B "-X, --delete-chain" Delete the specified user-defined chain. There must be no references to the chain (if there are you must delete or replace the referring rules before the chain can be deleted). If no argument is given, it will attempt to delete every non-builtin chain. .TP .B "-P, --policy" Set the policy for the chain to the given target. See the section .TP .B "-E, --rename-chain" Rename the user specified chain to the user supplied name; this is cosmetic, and has no effect on the structure of the table. .B TARGETS for the legal targets. Only non-userdefined chains can have policies, and neither built-in nor user-defined chains can be policy targets. .TP .B -h Help. Give a (currently very brief) description of the command syntax. .SS PARAMETERS The following parameters make up a rule specification (as used in the add, delete, replace, append and check commands). .TP .BR "-p, --protocol " "[!] \fIprotocol\fP" The protocol of the rule or of the packet to check. The specified protocol can be one of .IR tcp , .IR udp , .IR icmp , or .IR all , or it can be a numeric value, representing one of these protocols or a different one. Also a protocol name from /etc/protocols is allowed. A "!" argument before the protocol inverts the test. The number zero is equivalent to .IR all . Protocol .I all will match with all protocols and is taken as default when this option is omitted. .I All may not be used in in combination with the check command. .TP .BR "-s, --source " "[!] \fIaddress\fP[/\fImask\fP]" Source specification. .I Address can be either a hostname, a network name, or a plain IP address. The .I mask can be either a network mask or a plain number, specifying the number of 1's at the left side of the network mask. Thus, a mask of .I 24 is equivalent to .IR 255.255.255.0 . A "!" argument before the address specification inverts the sense of the address. The flag .B --src is a convenient alias for this option. .TP .BR "-d, --destination " "[!] \fIaddress\fP[/\fImask\fP]" Destination specification. See the description of the .B -s (source) flag for a detailed description of the syntax. The flag .B --dst is an alias for this option. .TP .BI "-j, --jump " "target" This specifies the target of the rule; ie. what to do if the packet matches it. The target can be a user-defined chain (not the one this rule is in), one of the special builtin targets which decide the fate of the packet immediately, or an extension (see .B EXTENSIONS below). If this option is omitted in a rule, then matching the rule will have no effect on the packet's fate, but the counters on the rule will be incremented. .TP .BR "-i, --in-interface " "[!] [\fIname\fP]" Optional name of an interface via which a packet is received (for packets entering the .BR INPUT , .B FORWARD and .B PREROUTING chains). When the "!" argument is used before the interface name, the sense is inverted. If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. If this option is omitted, the string "+" is assumed, which will match with any interface name. .TP .BR "-o, --out-interface " "[!] [\fIname\fP]" Optional name of an interface via which a packet is going to be sent (for packets entering the .BR FORWARD , .B OUTPUT and .B POSTROUTING chains). When the "!" argument is used before the interface name, the sense is inverted. If the interface name ends in a "+", then any interface which begins with this name will match. If this option is omitted, the string "+" is assumed, which will match with any interface name. .TP .B "[!] " "-f, --fragment" This means that the rule only refers to second and further fragments of fragmented packets. Since there is no way to tell the source or destination ports of such a packet (or ICMP type), such a packet will not match any rules which specify them. When the "!" argument precedes the "-f" flag, the sense is inverted. .SS "OTHER OPTIONS" The following additional options can be specified: .TP .B "-v, --verbose" Verbose output. This option makes the list command show the interface address, the rule options (if any), and the TOS masks. The packet and byte counters are also listed, with the suffix 'K', 'M' or 'G' for 1000, 1,000,000 and 1,000,000,000 multipliers respectively (but see the .B -x flag to change this). For appending, insertion, deletion and replacement, this causes detailed information on the rule or rules to be printed. .TP .B "-n, --numeric" Numeric output. IP addresses and port numbers will be printed in numeric format. By default, the program will try to display them as host names, network names, or services (whenever applicable). .TP .B "-x, --exact" Expand numbers. Display the exact value of the packet and byte counters, instead of only the rounded number in K's (multiples of 1000) M's (multiples of 1000K) or G's (multiples of 1000M). This option is only relevant for the .B -L command. .TP .B "--line-numbers" When listing rules, add line numbers to the beginning of each rule, corresponding to that rule's position in the chain. .SH MATCH EXTENSIONS iptables can use extended packet matching modules. The following are included in the base package, and most of these can be preceded by a .B ! to invert the sense of the match. .SS tcp These extensions are loaded if `--protocol tcp' is specified, and no other match is specified. It provides the following options: .TP .BR "--source-port " "[!] [\fIport[:port]\fP] or [\fIport[-port]]\fP]" Source port or port range specification. This can either be a service name or a port number. An inclusive range can also be specified, using the format .IR port : port or .IR port - port . If the first port is omitted, "0" is assumed; if the last is omitted, "65535" is assumed. If the second port greater then the first they will be swapped. The flag .B --sport is an alias for this option. .TP .BR "--destination-port " "[!] [\fIport[:port]\fP] or [\fIport[-port]]\fP" Destination port or port range specification. The flag .B --dport is an alias for this option. .TP .BR "--tcp-flags " "[!] \fImask\fP \fIcomp\fP" Match when the TCP flags are as specified. The first argument is the flags which we should examine, written as a comma-separated list, and the second argument is a comma-separated list of flags which must be set. Flags are: .BR "SYN ACK FIN RST URG PSH ALL NONE" . Hence the command .br iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST SYN .br will only match packets with the SYN flag set, and the ACK, FIN and RST flags unset. .TP .B "[!] --syn" Only match TCP packets with the SYN bit set and the ACK and FIN bits cleared. Such packets are used to request TCP connection initiation; for example, blocking such packets coming in an interface will prevent incoming TCP connections, but outgoing TCP connections will be unaffected. It is equivalent to \fB--tcp-flags SYN,RST,ACK SYN\fP. If the "!" flag precedes the "--syn", the sense of the option is inverted. .TP .BR "--tcp-option " "[!] \fInumber\fP" Match if TCP option set. .SS udp These extensions are loaded if `--protocol udp' is specified, and no other match is specified. It provides the following options: .TP .BR "--source-port " "[!] [\fIport[:port]\fP] or [\fIport[-port]]\fP" Source port or port range specification. See the description of the .B --source-port option of the TCP extension for details. .TP .BR "--destination-port " "[!] [\fIport[:port]\fP] or [\fIport[-port]]\fP" Destination port or port range specification. See the description of the .B --destination-port option of the TCP extension for details. .SS icmp This extension is loaded if `--protocol icmp' is specified, and no other match is specified. It provides the following option: .TP .BR "--icmp-type " "[!] \fItypename\fP" This allows specification of the ICMP type, which can be a numeric ICMP type, or one of the ICMP type names shown by the command .br iptables -p icmp -h .br .SS mac .TP .BR "--mac-source " "[!] \fIaddress\fP" Match source MAC address. It must be of the form XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX. Note that this only makes sense for packets entering the .BR PREROUTING , or .B INPUT chains from an ethernet device. .SS limit This module matches at a limited rate using a token bucket filter: it can be used in combination with the LOG target to give limited logging. A rule using this extension will match until this limit is reached (unless the `!' flag is used). .TP .BI "--limit " "rate" Maximum average matching rate: specified as a number, with an optional `/second', `/minute', `/hour', or `/day' suffix; the default is 3/hour. .TP .BI "--limit-burst " "number" The maximum initial number of packets to match: this number gets recharged by one every time the limit specified above is not reached, up to this number; the default is 5. .SS multiport This module matches a set of source or destination ports. Up to 15 ports can be specified. It can only be used in conjunction with .B "-p tcp" or .BR "-p udp" . .TP .BR "--source-port" " [\fIport[,port]\fP]" Match if the source port is one of the given ports. .TP .BR "--destination-port" " [\fIport[,port]\fP]" Match if the destination port is one of the given ports. .TP .BR "--port" " [\fIport[,port]\fP]" Match if the both the source and destination ports are equal to each other and to one of the given ports. .SS mark This module matches the netfilter mark field associated with a packet (which can be set using the .B MARK target below). .TP .BI "--mark " "value[/mask]" Matches packets with the given unsigned mark value (if a mask is specified, this is logically ANDed with the mark before the comparison). .SS owner This module attempts to match various characteristics of the packet creator, for locally-generated packets. It is only valid in the OUTPUT chain, and even this some packets (such as ICMP ping responses) may have no owner, and hence never match. .TP .BI "--uid-owner " "userid" Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given effective user id. .TP .BI "--gid-owner " "groupid" Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given effective group id. .TP .BI "--pid-owner " "processid" Matches if the packet was created by a process with the given process id. .TP .BI "--sid-owner " "sessionid" Matches if the packet was created by a process in the given session group. .SS state This module, when combined with connection tracking, allows access to the connection tracking state for this packet. .TP .BI "--state " "state" Where state is a comma separated list of the connection states to match. Possible states are .B INVALID meaning that the packet is associated with no known connection, .B ESTABLISHED meaning that the packet is associated with a connection which has seen packets in both directions, .B NEW meaning that the packet has started a new connection, or otherwise associated with a connection which has not seen packets in both directions, and .B RELATED meaning that the packet is starting a new connection, but is associated with an existing connection, such as an FTP data transfer, or an ICMP error. .SS unclean This module takes no options, but attempts to match packets which seem malformed or unusual. This is regarded as experimental. .SS tos This module matches the 8 bits of Type of Service field in the IP header (ie. including the precedence bits). .TP .BI "--tos " "tos" The argument is either a standard name, (use .br iptables -m tos -h .br to see the list), or a numeric value to match. .SH TARGET EXTENSIONS iptables can use extended target modules: the following are included in the standard distribution. .SS LOG Turn on kernel logging of matching packets. When this option is set for a rule, the Linux kernel will print some information on all matching packets (like most IP header fields) via .IR printk (). .TP .BI "--log-level " "level" Level of logging (numeric or see \fIsyslog.conf\fP(5)). .TP .BI "--log-prefix " "prefix" Prefix log messages with the specified prefix; up to 14 letters long, and useful for distinguishing messages in the logs. .TP .B --log-tcp-sequence Log TCP sequence numbers. This is a security risk if the log is readable by users. .TP .B --log-tcp-options Log options from the TCP packet header. .TP .B --log-ip-options Log options from the IP packet header. .SS MARK This is used to set the netfilter mark value associated with the packet. It is only valid in the .B mangle table. .TP .BI "--set-mark " "mark" .SS REJECT This is used to send back an error packet in response to the matched packet: otherwise it is equivalent to .BR DROP . This target is only valid in the .BR INPUT , .B FORWARD and .B OUTPUT chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those chains. Several options control the nature of the error packet returned: .TP .BI "--reject-with " "type" The type given can be .BR icmp-net-unreachable , .BR icmp-host-unreachable , .BR icmp-port-unreachable or .BR icmp-proto-unreachable which return the appropriate ICMP error message (net-unreachable is the default). The option .B echo-reply is also allowed; it can only be used for rules which specify an ICMP ping packet, and generates a ping reply. .SS TOS This is used to set the 8-bit Type of Service field in the IP header. It is only valid in the .B mangle table. .TP .BI "--set-tos " "tos" You can use a numeric TOS values, or use .br iptables -j TOS -h .br to see the list of valid TOS names. .SS MIRROR This is an experimental demonstration target which inverts the source and destination fields in the IP header and retransmits the packet. It is only valid in the .BR INPUT , .B FORWARD and .B OUTPUT chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those chains. .SS SNAT This target is only valid in the .B nat table, in the .B POSTROUTING chain. It specifies that the source address of the packet should be modified (and all future packets in this connection will also be mangled), and rules should cease being examined. It takes one option: .TP .BI "--to-source " "[-][:port-port]" which can specify a single new source IP address, an inclusive range of IP addresses, and optionally, a port range (which is only valid if the rule also specifies .B "-p tcp" or .BR "-p udp" ). If no port range is specified, then source ports below 512 will be mapped to other ports below 512: those between 1024 will be mapped to ports below 1024, and other ports will be mapped to 1024 or above. Where possible, no port alteration will occur. .SS DNAT This target is only valid in the .B nat table, in the .B PREROUTING and .B OUTPUT chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those chains. It specifies that the destination address of the packet should be modified (and all future packets in this connection will also be mangled), and rules should cease being examined. It takes one option: .TP .BI "--to-destination " "[-][:port-port]" which can specify a single new destination IP address, an inclusive range of IP addresses, and optionally, a port range (which is only valid if the rule also specifies .B "-p tcp" or .BR "-p udp" ). If no port range is specified, then the destination port will never be modified. .SS MASQUERADE This target is only valid in the .B nat table, in the .B POSTROUTING chain. It should only be used with dynamically assigned IP (dialup) connections: if you have a static IP address, you should use the SNAT target. Masquerading is equivalent to specifying a mapping to the IP address of the interface the packet is going out, but also has the effect that connections are .I forgotten when the interface goes down. This is the correct behavior when the next dialup is unlikely to have the same interface address (and hence any established connections are lost anyway). It takes one option: .TP .BI "--to-ports " "[-]" This specifies a range of source ports to use, overriding the default .B SNAT source port-selection heuristics (see above). This is only valid with if the rule also specifies .B "-p tcp" or .BR "-p udp" ). .SS REDIRECT This target is only valid in the .B nat table, in the .B PREROUTING and .B OUTPUT chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from those chains. It alters the destination IP address to send the packet to the machine itself (locally-generated packets are mapped to the 127.0.0.1 address). It takes one option: .TP .BI "--to-ports " "[-]" This specifies a destination port or range or ports to use: without this, the destination port is never altered. This is only valid with if the rule also specifies .B "-p tcp" or .BR "-p udp" ). .TP .SH DIAGNOSTICS Various error messages are printed to standard error. The exit code is 0 for correct functioning. Errors which appear to be caused by invalid or abused command line parameters cause an exit code of 2, and other errors cause an exit code of 1. .SH BUGS Check is not implemented (yet). .SH COMPATIBILITY WITH IPCHAINS This .B iptables is very similar to ipchains by Rusty Russell. The main difference is that the chains .B INPUT and .B OUTPUT are only traversed for packets coming into the local host and originating from the local host respectively. Hence every packet only passes through one of the three chains; previously a forwarded packet would pass through all three. .PP The other main difference is that .B -i refers to the input interface; .B -o refers to the output interface, and both are available for packets entering the .B FORWARD chain. .PP The various forms of NAT have been separated out; .B iptables is a pure packet filter when using the default `filter' table, with optional extension modules. This should simplify much of the previous confusion over the combination of IP masquerading and packet filtering seen previously. So the following options are handled differently: .br -j MASQ .br -M -S .br -M -L .br There are several other changes in iptables. .SH SEE ALSO The iptables-HOWTO, which details more iptables usage, and the netfilter-hacking-HOWTO which details the internals. .SH AUTHORS Rusty Russell wrote iptables, in early consultation with Michael Neuling. .PP Marc Boucher made Rusty abandon ipnatctl by lobbying for a generic packet selection framework in iptables, then wrote the mangle table, the owner match, the mark stuff, and ran around doing cool stuff everywhere. .PP James Morris wrote the TOS target, and tos match. .PP Jozsef Kadlecsik wrote the REJECT target. .PP The Netfilter Core Team is: Marc Boucher, Rusty Russell. .\" .. and did I mention that we are incredibly cool people?