VERDICT STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The verdict statement alters control flow in the ruleset and issues policy decisions for packets.

[verse]
{accept | drop | queue | continue | return}
{jump | goto} 'chain'

[horizontal]
*accept*:: Terminate ruleset evaluation and accept the packet.
*drop*:: Terminate ruleset evaluation and drop the packet.
*queue*:: Terminate ruleset evaluation and queue the packet to userspace.
*continue*:: Continue ruleset evaluation with the next rule. FIXME
*return*:: Return from the current chain and continue evaluation at the
 next rule in the last chain. If issued in a base chain, it is equivalent to *accept*.
*jump* 'chain':: Continue evaluation at the first rule in 'chain'.  The current
 position in the ruleset is pushed to a call stack and evaluation will continue
 there when the new chain is entirely evaluated of a *return* verdict is issued.
*goto* 'chain':: Similar to *jump*, but the current position is not pushed to the
 call stack, meaning that after the new chain evaluation will continue at the last
 chain instead of the one containing the goto statement.

.Verdict statements
-------------------
# process packets from eth0 and the internal network in from_lan
# chain, drop all packets from eth0 with different source addresses.

filter input iif eth0 ip saddr 192.168.0.0/24 jump from_lan
filter input iif eth0 drop
-------------------

PAYLOAD STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The  payload  statement alters packet content.  It can be used for example to
set ip DSCP (differv) header field or ipv6 flow labels.

.route some packets instead of bridging
---------------------------------------
# redirect tcp:http from 192.160.0.0/16 to local machine for routing instead of bridging
# assumes 00:11:22:33:44:55 is local MAC address.
bridge input meta iif eth0 ip saddr 192.168.0.0/16 tcp dport 80 meta pkttype set unicast ether daddr set 00:11:22:33:44:55
-------------------------------------------

.Set IPv4 DSCP header field
---------------------------
ip forward ip dscp set 42
---------------------------

EXTENSION HEADER STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The extension header statement alters packet content in variable-sized headers.
This can currently be used to alter the TCP Maximum segment size of packets,
similar to TCPMSS.

.change tcp mss
---------------
tcp flags syn tcp option maxseg size set 1360
# set a size based on route information:
tcp flags syn tcp option maxseg size set rt mtu
---------------

LOG STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
log [prefix quoted_string] [level syslog-level] [flags log-flags]
log group nflog_group [prefix quoted_string] [queue-threshold value] [snaplen size]

The log statement enables logging of matching packets. When this statement is
used from a rule, the Linux kernel will print some information on all matching
packets, such as header fields, via the kernel log (where it can be read with
dmesg(1) or read in the syslog). If the group number is specified, the Linux
kernel will pass the packet to nfnetlink_log which will multicast the packet
through a netlink socket to the specified multicast group. One or more userspace
processes may subscribe to the group to  receive the packets, see
libnetfilter_queue documentation for details. This is a non-terminating
statement, so the rule evaluation continues after the packet is logged.

.log statement options
[options="header"]
|==================
|Keyword | Description | Type
|prefix|
Log message prefix|
quoted string
|level|
Syslog level of logging |
string: emerg, alert,  crit,  err, warn  [default], notice, info, debug
|group|
NFLOG group to sned messages to|
unsigned integer (16 bit)
|snaplen|
Length of packet payload to include in netlink messages |
unsigned integer (32 bit)
|queue-threshold|
Number  of packets to queue inside the kernel before sending them to userpace |
unsigned integer (32 bit)
|==================================

.log statement options
[options="header"]
|==================
| Flag | Description
|tcp sequence|
Log TCP sequence numbers.
|tcp options|
Log options from the TCP packet header.
|ip options|
Log options from the IP/IPv6 packet header.
|skuid|
Log the userid of the process which generated the packet.
|ether|
Decode MAC addresses and protocol.
|all|
Enable all log flags listed above.
|==============================

.Using log statement
--------------------
# log the UID which generated the packet and ip options
ip filter output log flags skuid flags ip options

# log the tcp sequence numbers and tcp options from the TCP packet
ip filter output log flags tcp sequence,options

# enable all supported log flags
ip6 filter output log flags all
-----------------------

REJECT STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
*reject* [ with {icmp | icmpv6 | icmpx} type {icmp_code | icmpv6_code | icmpx_code} ]
*reject* [ with tcp reset ]

A reject statement is used to send back an error packet in response to the
matched packet otherwise it is equivalent to drop so it is a terminating
statement, ending rule traversal. This statement is only valid in the input,
forward and output chains, and user-defined chains which are only called from
those chains.

.different ICMP reject variants are meant for use in different table families
[options="header"]
|==================
|Variant |Family | Type
|icmp|
ip|
icmp_code
|icmpv6|
ip6|
icmpv6_code
|icmpx|
inet|
icmpx_code
|==================

For a description of the different types and a list of supported keywords refer
to DATA TYPES section above.  The common default reject value is
*port-unreachable*. +

Note that in bridge family, reject statement is only allowed in base chains
which hook into input or prerouting.

COUNTER STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A counter statement sets the hit count of packets along with the number of bytes.

[verse]
counter [ packets 'number' bytes 'number' ]

CONNTRACK STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The conntrack statement can be used to set the conntrack mark and conntrack labels.

[verse]
*ct* {mark | event | label | zone} set 'value'

The  ct  statement  sets  meta data associated with a connection.  The zone id
has to be assigned before a conntrack lookup takes place, i.e. this has to be
done in prerouting and possibly output (if locally generated packets need to be
placed in a distinct zone), with a hook priority of -300.

.Conntrack statement types
[options="header"]
|==================
|Keyword| Description| Value
|event|
conntrack event bits |
bitmask, integer (32 bit)
|helper|
name of ct helper object to assign to the connection |
quoted string
|mark|
Connection tracking mark |
mark
|label|
Connection tracking label|
label
|zone|
conntrack zone|
integer (16 bit)
|==================

.save packet nfmark in conntrack
--------------------------------
ct mark set meta mark
--------------------------------

.set zone mapped via interface
------------------------------
table inet raw {
  chain prerouting {
      type filter hook prerouting priority -300;
      ct zone set iif map { "eth1" : 1, "veth1" : 2 }
  }
  chain output {
      type filter hook output priority -300;
      ct zone set oif map { "eth1" : 1, "veth1" : 2 }
  }
}
------------------------------------------------------

.restrict events reported by ctnetlink
--------------------------------------
ct event set new,related,destroy
--------------------------------------

META STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A meta statement sets the value of a meta expression. The existing meta fields
are: priority, mark, pkttype, nftrace. +

meta {mark | priority | pkttype | nftrace} set 'value' +

A meta statement sets meta data associated with a packet. +

.Meta statement types
[options="header"]
|==================
|Keyword| Description| Value
|priority |
TC packet priority|
tc_handle
|mark|
Packet mark |
mark
|pkttype |
packet type |
pkt_type
|nftrace |
ruleset packet tracing on/off. Use monitor trace command to watch traces|
0, 1
|==========================

LIMIT STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
*limit* rate [over] 'packet_number' / {second | minute | hour | day} [burst 'packet_number' packets]
*limit* rate [over] 'byte_number' {bytes | kbytes | mbytes} / {second | minute | hour | day | week} [burst 'byte_number' bytes]

A limit statement matches at a limited rate using a token bucket filter. A rule
using this statement will match until this  limit is  reached. It can be used in
combination with the log statement to give limited logging. The over keyword,
that is optional, makes it match over the specified rate.

.limit statement values
[options="header"]
|==================
|Value | Description | Type|
|packet_number |
Number of packets |
unsigned integer (32 bit)
|byte_number |
Number of bytes |
unsigned integer (32 bit)
|========================

NAT STATEMENTS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
*snat* to address [:port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*snat* to address - address [:port - port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*dnat* to address [:port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*dnat* to address [:port - port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*masquerade* to [:port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*masquerade* to [:port - port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*redirect* to [:port] [persistent, random, fully-random]
*redirect* to [:port - port] [persistent, random, fully-random]

The nat statements are only valid from nat chain types. +

The *snat* and *masquerade* statements specify that the source address of the
packet should be modified. While *snat* is only valid  in the postrouting and
input chains, *masquerade* makes sense only in postrouting. The dnat and
redirect statements are only valid in the prerouting and output chains, they
specify that the destination address of the packet should be modified. You  can
use  nonbase  chains which are called from base chains of nat chain type too.
All future packets in this connection will also be mangled, and rules should
cease being examined.

The *masquerade* statement is a special form of snat which always uses the
outgoing interface's IP address to translate to. It is particularly useful on
gateways with dynamic (public) IP addresses.

The *redirect* statement  is a special form of dnat which always translates the
destination address to the local host's one. It comes in handy if one only wants
to alter the destination port of incoming traffic on different interfaces.

Note that all nat statements require both prerouting and postrouting base chains
to be present since otherwise packets on the return path won't be seen by
netfilter and therefore no reverse translation will take place.

.NAT statement values
[options="header"]
|==================
|Expression| Description| Type
|address|
Specifies that the source/destination address of the packet should be  modified.
You may specify a mapping to relate a list of tuples composed of arbitrary
expression key with address value. |
ipv4_addr, ipv6_addr, e.g. abcd::1234, or you can use a mapping, e.g. meta mark map { 10 : 192.168.1.2, 20 : 192.168.1.3 }
|port|
Specifies that the source/destination address of the packet should be modified. |
port number (16 bits)
|===============================

.NAT statement flags
[options="header"]
|==================
|Flag| Description
|persistent |
Gives a client the same source-/destination-address for each connection.
|random|
If used then port mapping will be randomized using a random seeded MD5 hash mix using source and destination address and destination port.
|fully-random|
If  used then port mapping is generated based on a 32-bit pseudo-random algorithm.
|=============================

.Using NAT statements
---------------------
# create a suitable table/chain setup for all further examples
add table nat
add chain nat prerouting { type nat hook prerouting priority 0; }
add chain nat postrouting { type nat hook postrouting priority 100; }

# translate source addresses of all packets leaving via eth0 to address 1.2.3.4
add rule nat postrouting oif eth0 snat to 1.2.3.4

# redirect all traffic entering via eth0 to destination address 192.168.1.120
add rule nat prerouting iif eth0 dnat to 192.168.1.120

# translate source addresses of all packets leaving via eth0 to whatever
# locally generated packets would use as source to reach the same destination
add rule nat postrouting oif eth0 masquerade

# redirect incoming TCP traffic for port 22 to port 2222
add rule nat prerouting tcp dport 22 redirect to :2222
------------------------

TPROXY STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Tproxy redirects the packet to a local socket without changing the packet header
in any way.  If any of the arguments is missing the data of the incoming packet
is used as parameter.  Tproxy matching requires another rule that ensures the
presence of transport protocol header is specified.

[verse]
tproxy to 'address' : 'port'
tproxy to {'address' | : 'port'}

This syntax can be used in *ip/ip6* tables where network layer protocol is
obvious. Either ip address or port can be specified, but at least one of them is
necessary.

[verse]
tproxy {ip | ip6} to 'address' [: 'port']
tproxy to : 'port'

This syntax can be used in *inet* tables. The *ip/ip6* parameter defines the
family the rule will match. The *address* parameter must be of this family.
When only *port* is defined, the address family should not be specified.  In
this case the rule will match for both families.

.tproxy attributes
[options="header"]
|=================
| Name | Description
| address | IP address the listening socket with IP_TRANSPARENT option is bound to.
| port | Port the listening socket with IP_TRANSPARENT option is bound to.
|=================

.Example ruleset for tproxy statement
-------------------------------------
table ip x {
    chain y {
        type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
        tcp dport ntp tproxy to 1.1.1.1
        udp dport ssh tproxy to :2222
    }
}
table ip6 x {
    chain y {
       type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
       tcp dport ntp tproxy to [dead::beef]
       udp dport ssh tproxy to :2222
    }
}
table inet x {
    chain y {
        type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
        tcp dport 321 tproxy to :ssh
        tcp dport 99 tproxy ip to 1.1.1.1:999
        udp dport 155 tproxy ip6 to [dead::beef]:smux
    }
}
-------------------------------------

FLOW OFFLOAD STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
A flow offload statement allows us to select what flows you want to accelerate
forwarding through layer 3 network stack bypass.  You have to specify the
flowtable name where you want to offload this flow.

*flow offload* @flowtable

QUEUE STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This statement passes the packet to userspace using the nfnetlink_queue handler.
The packet is put into the queue identified by its 16-bit queue number.
Userspace can inspect and modify the packet if desired. Userspace must then drop
or re-inject the packet into the kernel. See libnetfilter_queue documentation
for details.

[verse]
*queue* [num 'queue_number'] [bypass]
*queue* [num 'queue_number_from' - 'queue_number_to'] [bypass,fanout]

.queue statement values
[options="header"]
|==================
|Value | Description | Type
|queue_number |
Sets queue number, default is 0. |
unsigned integer (16 bit)
|queue_number_from |
Sets  initial  queue in the range, if fanout is used. |
unsigned integer (16 bit)
|queue_number_to |
Sets closing queue in  the  range, if fanout is used. |
unsigned integer (16 bit)
|=====================

.queue statement flags
[options="header"]
|==================
|Flag   | Description
|bypass |
Let  packets go through if userspace application cannot back off. Before using
this flag, read libnetfilter_queue documentation for performance tuning recommendations.
|fanout |
Distribute packets between several queues.
|===============================

DUP STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The dup statement is used to duplicate a packet and send the copy to a different
destination.

[verse]
*dup* to 'device'
*dup* to 'address' device '*device*'

.Dup statement values
[options="header"]
|==================
|Expression | Description | Type
|address |
Specifies that the copy of the packet should be sent to a new gateway.|
ipv4_addr, ipv6_addr, e.g. abcd::1234, or you can use a mapping. e.g. ip saddr map { 192.168.1.2 : 10.1.1.1 }
|device |
Specifies that the copy should be transmitted via device. |
string
|===================


.Using the dup statement
------------------------
# send to machine with ip address 10.2.3.4 on eth0
ip filter forward dup to 10.2.3.4 device "eth0"

# copy raw frame to another interface
netdetv ingress dup to "eth0"
dup to "eth0"

# combine with map dst addr to gateways
dup to ip daddr map { 192.168.7.1 : "eth0", 192.168.7.2 : "eth1" }
-----------------------------------

FWD STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The fwd statement is used to redirect a raw packet to another interface. It is
only available in the netdev family ingress  hook.  It is similar to the dup
statement except that no copy is made.

*fwd* to 'device'

SET STATEMENT
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The set statement is used to dynamically add or update elements in a set from
the packet path. The set setname must already exist in the given table and must
have been created with the dynamic flag.  Furthermore, these sets must specify
both a maximum set size  (to prevent memory exhaustion) and a timeout (so that
number of entries in set will not grow indefinitely). The set statement can be
used to e.g. create dynamic blacklists.

[verse]
{add | update} '@setname' { 'expression' [timeout 'timeout'] [comment 'string'] }

.Example for simple blacklist
-----------------------------
# declare a set, bound to table "filter", in family "ip". Timeout and size are mandatory because we will add elements from packet path.
nft add set ip filter blackhole "{ type ipv4_addr; flags timeout; size 65536; }"

# whitelist internal interface.
nft add rule ip filter input meta iifname "internal" accept

# drop packets coming from blacklisted ip addresses.
nft add rule ip filter input ip saddr @blackhole counter drop

# add source ip addresses to the blacklist if more than 10 tcp connection requests occurred per second and ip address.
# entries will timeout after one minute, after which they might be re-added if limit condition persists.
nft add rule ip filter input tcp flags syn tcp dport ssh meter flood size 128000 { ip saddr timeout 10s limit rate over 10/second} add @blackhole { ip saddr timeout 1m } drop

# inspect state of the rate limit meter:
nft list meter ip filter flood

# inspect content of blackhole:
nft list set ip filter blackhole

# manually add two addresses to the set:
nft add element filter blackhole { 10.2.3.4, 10.23.1.42 }
-----------------------------------------------