From 935f82e7dd4911fde6be9dae960fd1d438542a5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Phil Sutter <phil@nwl.cc>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 18:02:02 +0100
Subject: Support 'nft -f -' to read from stdin

In libnftables, detect if given filename is '-' and treat it as the
common way of requesting to read from stdin, then open /dev/stdin
instead. (Calling 'nft -f /dev/stdin' worked before as well, but this
makes it official.)

With this in place and bash's support for here strings, review all tests
in tests/shell for needless use of temp files. Note that two categories
of test cases were intentionally left unchanged:

- Tests creating potentially large rulesets to avoid running into shell
  parameter length limits.
- Tests for 'include' directive for obvious reasons.

Signed-off-by: Phil Sutter <phil@nwl.cc>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
---
 doc/nft.xml                                        |  2 +-
 src/libnftables.c                                  |  3 +++
 tests/shell/testcases/cache/0001_cache_handling_0  | 16 ++++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/cache/0002_interval_0        | 13 ++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/flowtable/0001flowtable_0    | 12 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/import/vm_json_import_0      | 16 +++-----------
 .../testcases/maps/0006interval_map_overlap_0      | 19 ++++------------
 .../shell/testcases/maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0  | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/netns/0001nft-f_0            | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/netns/0003many_0             | 12 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0001define_slash_0     | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0002rollback_rule_0    | 14 ++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0003rollback_jump_0    | 14 ++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0004rollback_set_0     | 14 ++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0005rollback_map_0     | 14 ++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0006action_object_0    | 25 +++++++---------------
 .../nft-f/0007action_object_set_segfault_1         | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0008split_tables_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0009variable_0         | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0010variable_0         | 11 +---------
 .../shell/testcases/nft-f/0012different_defines_0  | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0013defines_1          | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0014defines_1          | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0015defines_1          | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0016redefines_1        | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0001named_interval_0    | 14 +++---------
 .../shell/testcases/sets/0008create_verdict_map_0  | 14 +++---------
 .../sets/0014malformed_set_is_not_defined_0        | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0015rulesetflush_0      | 16 ++++----------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0021nesting_0           | 11 +---------
 .../testcases/sets/0022type_selective_flush_0      | 17 ++++-----------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0024named_objects_0     | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0026named_limit_0       | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0027ipv6_maps_ipv4_0    | 14 +++---------
 .../shell/testcases/sets/0029named_ifname_dtype_0  | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/sets/0031set_timeout_size_0  | 14 +++---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1     | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0      | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0      | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1      | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1      | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0       | 11 +---------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0       | 14 ++----------
 59 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 620 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/nft.xml b/doc/nft.xml
index fb57c2b6..7800890d 100644
--- a/doc/nft.xml
+++ b/doc/nft.xml
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ vi:ts=4 sw=4
 				<term><option>-f, --file <replaceable>filename</replaceable></option></term>
 				<listitem>
 					<para>
-						Read input from <replaceable>filename</replaceable>.
+						Read input from <replaceable>filename</replaceable>. If <replaceable>filename</replaceable> is <literal>-</literal>, read from <literal>stdin</literal>.
 					</para>
 					<para>
 						nft scripts must start <command>#!/usr/sbin/nft -f</command>
diff --git a/src/libnftables.c b/src/libnftables.c
index 9b2f65ae..6e271209 100644
--- a/src/libnftables.c
+++ b/src/libnftables.c
@@ -313,6 +313,9 @@ int nft_run_cmd_from_filename(struct nft_ctx *nft, const char *filename)
 	if (rc < 0)
 		return -1;
 
+	if (!strcmp(filename, "-"))
+		filename = "/dev/stdin";
+
 	parser_init(nft->nf_sock, &nft->cache, &state,
 		    &msgs, nft->debug_mask, &nft->output);
 	scanner = scanner_init(&state);
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0001_cache_handling_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0001_cache_handling_0
index 3693f15a..20c19117 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0001_cache_handling_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0001_cache_handling_0
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET='
 table inet test {
 	set test {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -19,12 +11,12 @@ table inet test {
 		ip saddr @test counter accept
 		ip daddr { 2.2.2.2} counter accept
 	}
-}" > $tmpfile
+}'
 
 set -e
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 rule_handle=$($NFT list ruleset -a | awk '/saddr/{print $NF}')
 $NFT delete rule inet test test handle $rule_handle
 $NFT delete set inet test test
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0002_interval_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0002_interval_0
index f500911a..0c010c1f 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0002_interval_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/cache/0002_interval_0
@@ -5,14 +5,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="flush ruleset
 table inet t {
 	set s { type ipv4_addr; flags interval; }
@@ -22,6 +14,5 @@ add element inet t s {
 	192.168.0.1/24,
 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/flowtable/0001flowtable_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/flowtable/0001flowtable_0
index 6d08e254..95b193dc 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/flowtable/0001flowtable_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/flowtable/0001flowtable_0
@@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-
 EXPECTED='table inet t {
 	flowtable f {
 		hook ingress priority 10
@@ -20,6 +11,5 @@ EXPECTED='table inet t {
 	}
 }'
 
-echo "$EXPECTED" > $tmpfile
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $EXPECTED
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/import/vm_json_import_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/import/vm_json_import_0
index e5ecbcc4..a8d546ff 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/import/vm_json_import_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/import/vm_json_import_0
@@ -1,14 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table ip mangle {
 	set blackhole {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -56,8 +47,7 @@ table ip6 x {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
-$NFT export vm json > $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
+RULESET_JSON=$($NFT export vm json)
 $NFT flush ruleset
-cat $tmpfile | $NFT import vm json
+$NFT import vm json <<< $RULESET_JSON
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0006interval_map_overlap_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0006interval_map_overlap_0
index 682ac65b..d63a396d 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0006interval_map_overlap_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0006interval_map_overlap_0
@@ -4,24 +4,13 @@
 # shows how disjoint intervals are seen as overlaps
 # NOTE this is only an issue with two separate nft calls
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 n=1
-echo "add table x
+RULESET="add table x
 add map x y { type ipv4_addr : ipv4_addr; flags interval; }
-add element x y { 10.0.${n}.0/24 : 10.0.0.${n} }" > $tmpfile
+add element x y { 10.0.${n}.0/24 : 10.0.0.${n} }"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 
 n=2
-echo "add element x y { 10.0.${n}.0/24 : 10.0.0.${n} }" > $tmpfile
-
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
-
+$NFT "add element x y { 10.0.${n}.0/24 : 10.0.0.${n} }"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0
index 5e51a605..4c7e7895 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/maps/0007named_ifname_dtype_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 # support for ifname in named maps
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 EXPECTED="table inet t {
 	map m1 {
 		type ifname : ipv4_addr
@@ -23,6 +15,5 @@ EXPECTED="table inet t {
 }"
 
 set -e
-echo "$EXPECTED" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $EXPECTED
 
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0001nft-f_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0001nft-f_0
index 43527523..a6c854d2 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0001nft-f_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0001nft-f_0
@@ -8,14 +8,6 @@ if [ ! -x "$IP" ] ; then
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table ip t {
 	set s {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -91,8 +83,7 @@ if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$IP netns exec $NETNS_NAME $NFT -f $tmpfile
+$IP netns exec $NETNS_NAME $NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load ruleset in netns" >&2
 	$IP netns del $NETNS_NAME
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0003many_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0003many_0
index 03da6eec..c3595de8 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0003many_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/netns/0003many_0
@@ -11,14 +11,6 @@ if [ ! -x "$IP" ] ; then
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table ip t {
 	set s {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -86,8 +78,6 @@ table arp t {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-
 function test_netns()
 {
 	local NETNS_NAME=$1
@@ -97,7 +87,7 @@ function test_netns()
 		exit 1
 	fi
 
-	$IP netns exec $NETNS_NAME $NFT -f $tmpfile
+	$IP netns exec $NETNS_NAME $NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 	if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 		echo "E: unable to load ruleset in netns" >&2
 		$IP netns del $NETNS_NAME
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0001define_slash_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0001define_slash_0
index bf0763d4..8712fbf8 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0001define_slash_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0001define_slash_0
@@ -2,18 +2,10 @@
 
 # tests for commit 85d6803 (parser_bison: initializer_expr must use rhs_expr)
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 define net = 1.1.1.1/24
-" > $tmpfile
+"
 
 set -e
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0002rollback_rule_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0002rollback_rule_0
index 19690544..da3cdc0b 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0002rollback_rule_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0002rollback_rule_0
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@
 # test a kernel rollback operation
 # fail reason: rule
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 GOOD_RULESET="table ip t {
 	set t {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -35,15 +27,13 @@ table ip t2 {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$GOOD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $GOOD_RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "$BAD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $BAD_RULESET 2>/dev/null
 if [ $? -eq 0 ]	; then
 	echo "E: bogus ruleset loaded?" >&2
 	exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0003rollback_jump_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0003rollback_jump_0
index f53fd238..1238f150 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0003rollback_jump_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0003rollback_jump_0
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@
 # test a kernel rollback operation
 # fail reason: invalid jump
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 GOOD_RULESET="table ip t {
 	set t {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -35,15 +27,13 @@ table ip t2 {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$GOOD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $GOOD_RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "$BAD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $BAD_RULESET 2>/dev/null
 if [ $? -eq 0 ]	; then
 	echo "E: bogus ruleset loaded?" >&2
 	exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0004rollback_set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0004rollback_set_0
index 7674106f..25fc870c 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0004rollback_set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0004rollback_set_0
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@
 # test a kernel rollback operation
 # fail reason: invalid set
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 GOOD_RULESET="table ip t {
 	set t {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -35,15 +27,13 @@ table ip t2 {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$GOOD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $GOOD_RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "$BAD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $BAD_RULESET 2>/dev/null
 if [ $? -eq 0 ]	; then
 	echo "E: bogus ruleset loaded?" >&2
 	exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0005rollback_map_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0005rollback_map_0
index ba1fcc59..90108e72 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0005rollback_map_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0005rollback_map_0
@@ -3,14 +3,6 @@
 # test a kernel rollback operation
 # fail reason: invalid map
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 GOOD_RULESET="table ip t {
 	set t {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -38,15 +30,13 @@ table ip t2 {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$GOOD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $GOOD_RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "$BAD_RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $BAD_RULESET 2>/dev/null
 if [ $? -eq 0 ]	; then
 	echo "E: bogus ruleset loaded?" >&2
 	exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0006action_object_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0006action_object_0
index f4ec41d5..6e3b0b2e 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0006action_object_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0006action_object_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 # test loading a ruleset with the 'action object' pattern
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -f $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 set -e
 
 FAMILIES="ip ip6 inet arp bridge"
@@ -29,7 +21,7 @@ generate1()
 	add element $family t m {10080:drop}
 	insert rule $family t c meta l4proto tcp tcp dport vmap @m
 	add rule $family t c meta l4proto udp udp sport vmap {1111:accept}
-	" >> $tmpfile
+	"
 }
 
 generate2()
@@ -41,25 +33,24 @@ generate2()
 	delete element $family t s {8080}
 	delete chain $family t c
 	delete table $family t
-	" >> $tmpfile
+	"
 }
 
-for family in $FAMILIES ; do
+RULESET=$(for family in $FAMILIES ; do
 	generate1 $family
-done
+done)
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load ruleset 1" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
 
-echo "" > $tmpfile
-for family in $FAMILIES ; do
+RULESET=$(for family in $FAMILIES ; do
 	generate2 $family
-done
+done)
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
 	echo "E: unable to load ruleset 2" >&2
 	exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0007action_object_set_segfault_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0007action_object_set_segfault_1
index 3a4183bb..7649a496 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0007action_object_set_segfault_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0007action_object_set_segfault_1
@@ -3,19 +3,11 @@
 # test for a segfault if bad syntax was used in set declaration
 # and the set is referenced in the same batch
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -f $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 add table t
 add chain t c
 add set t s {type ipv4_addr\;}
 add rule t c ip saddr @s
-" > $tmpfile
+"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0008split_tables_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0008split_tables_0
index b244d14e..14cdd499 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0008split_tables_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0008split_tables_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table inet filter {
 	chain ssh {
 		type filter hook input priority 0; policy accept;
@@ -23,8 +15,7 @@ table inet filter {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0009variable_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0009variable_0
index 4d387074..8ff6b7cf 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0009variable_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0009variable_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="define concat-set-variable = { 10.10.10.10 . 25, 10.10.10.10 . 143 }
 
 table inet forward {
@@ -19,5 +11,4 @@ table inet forward {
 	}
 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0010variable_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0010variable_0
index 2df71b13..be02c6bf 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0010variable_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0010variable_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="define whitelist_v4 = { 1.1.1.1 }
 
 table inet filter {
@@ -18,5 +10,4 @@ table inet filter {
 add element inet filter whitelist_v4 \$whitelist_v4
 "
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0012different_defines_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0012different_defines_0
index 9c496d59..c17b06b1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0012different_defines_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0012different_defines_0
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@
 
 # tests different spots, datatypes and usages for nft defines
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 define d_iifname = whatever
 define d_oifname = \$d_iifname
 define d_iif = lo
@@ -38,7 +30,7 @@ table inet t {
 		tcp dport \$d_ports
 		udp dport vmap { \$d_ports : accept }
 	}
-}" >> $tmpfile
+}"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0013defines_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0013defines_1
index 05370034..b6d575c9 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0013defines_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0013defines_1
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 define var2 = \$var1
 define var1 = lo
 
@@ -20,6 +12,6 @@ table ip t {
 	chain c {
 		iif \$var2
 	}
-}" >> $tmpfile
+}"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0014defines_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0014defines_1
index de5615e9..77d766ec 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0014defines_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0014defines_1
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 define var1 = lo
 define var1 = lo
 
@@ -20,6 +12,6 @@ table ip t {
 	chain c {
 		iif \$var1
 	}
-}" >> $tmpfile
+}"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0015defines_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0015defines_1
index 9c1a7013..8aaa7bb1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0015defines_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0015defines_1
@@ -4,21 +4,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 define var1 = \$var1
 
 table ip t {
 	chain c {
 		iif \$var1
 	}
-}" >> $tmpfile
+}"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0016redefines_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0016redefines_1
index da303607..9a6a764a 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0016redefines_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/nft-f/0016redefines_1
@@ -2,15 +2,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table ip x {
         chain y {
                 define unused = 4.4.4.4
@@ -20,7 +12,7 @@ table ip x {
                 ip saddr $address
                 undefine unused
         }
-}" >> $tmpfile
+}"
 
 EXPECTED="table ip x {
         chain y {
@@ -29,7 +21,7 @@ EXPECTED="table ip x {
         }
 }"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 
 GET="$($NFT list ruleset)"
 
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0001named_interval_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0001named_interval_0
index 8d08b755..74098125 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0001named_interval_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0001named_interval_0
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 # * creating a valid interval set
 # * referencing it from a valid rule
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table inet t {
 	set s1 {
 		type ipv4_addr
@@ -41,7 +33,7 @@ table inet t {
 		ip6 nexthdr @s3 accept
 		tcp dport @s4 accept
 	}
-}" > $tmpfile
+}"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0008create_verdict_map_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0008create_verdict_map_0
index 8ebb4509..1188e977 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0008create_verdict_map_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0008create_verdict_map_0
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table ip t {
 	map sourcemap {
 		type ipv4_addr : verdict;
@@ -19,7 +11,7 @@ table ip t {
 }
 add chain t c
 add element t sourcemap { 100.123.10.2 : jump c }
-" > $tmpfile
+"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0014malformed_set_is_not_defined_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0014malformed_set_is_not_defined_0
index 5d1a2dab..61d6b49c 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0014malformed_set_is_not_defined_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0014malformed_set_is_not_defined_0
@@ -7,22 +7,14 @@
 # In this case, nft should error out because the set doesn't exist instead of
 # segfaulting
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 add table t
 add chain t c
 add set t s {type ipv4_addr\;}
 add rule t c ip saddr @s
-" >$tmpfile
+"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 ret=$?
 
 trap - EXIT
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0015rulesetflush_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0015rulesetflush_0
index 27242b36..3bfab97c 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0015rulesetflush_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0015rulesetflush_0
@@ -1,14 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "flush ruleset
+RULESET="flush ruleset
 add table t
 add chain t c
 
@@ -18,9 +10,9 @@ table inet filter {
 
 add element inet filter blacklist_v4 {
 192.168.0.1/24,
-}" >$tmpfile
+}"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 
 # make sure flush ruleset works right
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0021nesting_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0021nesting_0
index 4779f264..c0ac396f 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0021nesting_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0021nesting_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-#trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET='
 define set1 = {
 	2.2.2.0/24,
@@ -24,8 +16,7 @@ table ip x {
 	}
 }'
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0022type_selective_flush_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0022type_selective_flush_0
index 659bf70c..0c39cbad 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0022type_selective_flush_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0022type_selective_flush_0
@@ -3,23 +3,15 @@
 # This tests the selectiveness of flush command on structures that use the
 # generic set infrastructure (sets, maps and meters).
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 add table t
 add chain t c
 add set t s {type ipv4_addr;}
 add map t m {type ipv4_addr : inet_service;}
 add rule t c tcp dport 80 meter f {ip saddr limit rate 10/second}
-" >$tmpfile
+"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 
 # Commands that should be invalid
 
@@ -31,8 +23,7 @@ declare -a cmds=(
 
 for i in "${cmds[@]}"
 do
-	echo "$i" >$tmpfile
-	$NFT -f $tmpfile &>/dev/null
+	$NFT "$i" &>/dev/null
 	ret=$?
 
 	if [ $ret -eq 0 ]; then
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0024named_objects_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0024named_objects_0
index 19dd1cd5..772247e0 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0024named_objects_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0024named_objects_0
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 # * creating valid named objects
 # * referencing them from a valid rule
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table inet x {
 	counter user123 {
 		packets 12 bytes 1433
@@ -35,7 +27,7 @@ table inet x {
 		counter name ip saddr map { 192.168.2.2 : "user123", 1.1.1.1 : "user123", 2.2.2.2 : "user123"}
 		quota name ip saddr map @test drop
 	}
-}" > $tmpfile
+}"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0026named_limit_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0026named_limit_0
index 91553f34..23bc0b02 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0026named_limit_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0026named_limit_0
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 # * creating valid named limits
 # * referencing them from a valid rule
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table ip filter {
 	limit http-traffic {
 		rate 1/second
@@ -21,7 +13,7 @@ table ip filter {
 		type filter hook input priority 0; policy accept;
 		limit name tcp dport map { 80 : "http-traffic", 443 : "http-traffic"}
 	}
-}" > $tmpfile
+}"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0027ipv6_maps_ipv4_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0027ipv6_maps_ipv4_0
index 7ac271a0..846e3226 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0027ipv6_maps_ipv4_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0027ipv6_maps_ipv4_0
@@ -4,15 +4,7 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "
+RULESET="
 table inet t {
 	set s {
 		type ipv6_addr
@@ -20,6 +12,6 @@ table inet t {
 		elements = { ::ffff:0.0.0.0/96 }
 	}
 }
-" > $tmpfile
+"
 
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0029named_ifname_dtype_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0029named_ifname_dtype_0
index 92f4a4ad..532d8927 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0029named_ifname_dtype_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0029named_ifname_dtype_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 # support for ifname in named sets
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 EXPECTED="table inet t {
 	set s {
 		type ifname
@@ -23,5 +15,4 @@ EXPECTED="table inet t {
 }"
 
 set -e
-echo "$EXPECTED" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $EXPECTED
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0031set_timeout_size_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0031set_timeout_size_0
index 89af58f3..3d3f919a 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0031set_timeout_size_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/sets/0031set_timeout_size_0
@@ -1,15 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-	echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
-echo "add table x
-add set x y { type ipv4_addr; size 128; timeout 30s; }" > $tmpfile
+RULESET="add table x
+add set x y { type ipv4_addr; size 128; timeout 30s; }"
 
 set -e
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
index 83f9fd0d..1a8ecb86 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 delete table x
 add table x
 add table y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
index dbd2f4ab..290ea436 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 delete table x
 add table x
 add table x { flags dormant; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
index 004ce513..c5a87d3f 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add table y
 flush ruleset"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
index d1918680..39a5fe9e 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
index aac33d56..7dca1287 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 add chain x y { type filter hook input priority 0; }
 add chain x y { policy drop; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
index c3bfe130..7ebfad42 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 flush ruleset
@@ -20,8 +12,7 @@ flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y { type filter hook output priority 0; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
index 67c31c8a..383e8347 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
@@ -21,8 +13,7 @@ flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y { type filter hook output priority 0; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
index 955860d0..40cea8b2 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
@@ -2,19 +2,10 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 delete chain x y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing double-removal of chain" >&2
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
index e38634d3..b8e4cff5 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 1.1.1.1 counter
 flush ruleset"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
index 284a9e71..f5f6eb8b 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 1.1.1.1 counter
@@ -18,8 +10,7 @@ add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 2.2.2.2 counter"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
index 5b937acd..83c72af1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 add rule x y jump y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
 # kernel must return ENOENT
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing jump loop to unexisting chain"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
index 4c4e24cd..b43a0cce 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
@@ -2,19 +2,10 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y jump y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
 # kernel must return ELOOP
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing jump to chain loop"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
index ad08b7e5..464bc2b3 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 flush ruleset
 add table x"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
index 6c5757cc..0bab4993 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 delete set x y
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
index 1b41cf09..126f37e5 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 flush ruleset
 add table w
 add set w y { type ipv4_addr; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
index 19543b3c..f7a31e8c 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 delete set x y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
index 4cddb94d..88261032 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
index 9b20746b..d442b68e 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1, 2.2.2.2 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 2.2.2.2 }
 add element x y { 3.3.3.3 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
index 46f94573..a0deb7a0 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1, 2.2.2.2 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2> /dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2> /dev/null
 # Kernel must return ENOENT
 echo "E: allowing double-removal of element"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
index 75b1d453..4aef63f1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 1.1.1.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
index 3120e916..fc9f1ca4 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 192.168.0.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 192.168.2.0/24 }
 add element x y { 192.168.4.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
index 3120e916..fc9f1ca4 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 192.168.0.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 192.168.2.0/24 }
 add element x y { 192.168.4.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
index 0ffc4416..7386ecfb 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table ip filter {
 	map client_to_any {
 		type ipv4_addr : verdict
@@ -28,8 +20,7 @@ RULESET="table ip filter {
 	chain CIn_1 {
 	}
 }"
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
@@ -45,8 +36,7 @@ fi
 
 RULESET="delete element ip filter client_to_any { 1.2.3.4 : goto CIn_1 }
 delete chain ip filter CIn_1"
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
-- 
cgit v1.2.3