From 935f82e7dd4911fde6be9dae960fd1d438542a5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Phil Sutter <phil@nwl.cc>
Date: Mon, 19 Mar 2018 18:02:02 +0100
Subject: Support 'nft -f -' to read from stdin

In libnftables, detect if given filename is '-' and treat it as the
common way of requesting to read from stdin, then open /dev/stdin
instead. (Calling 'nft -f /dev/stdin' worked before as well, but this
makes it official.)

With this in place and bash's support for here strings, review all tests
in tests/shell for needless use of temp files. Note that two categories
of test cases were intentionally left unchanged:

- Tests creating potentially large rulesets to avoid running into shell
  parameter length limits.
- Tests for 'include' directive for obvious reasons.

Signed-off-by: Phil Sutter <phil@nwl.cc>
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
---
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1 | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0  | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0  | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1  | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1  | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0   | 11 +----------
 tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0   | 14 ++------------
 23 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 232 deletions(-)

(limited to 'tests/shell/testcases/transactions')

diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
index 83f9fd0d..1a8ecb86 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0001table_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 delete table x
 add table x
 add table y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
index dbd2f4ab..290ea436 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0002table_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 delete table x
 add table x
 add table x { flags dormant; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
index 004ce513..c5a87d3f 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0003table_0
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add table y
 flush ruleset"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
index d1918680..39a5fe9e 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0010chain_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
index aac33d56..7dca1287 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0011chain_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 add chain x y { type filter hook input priority 0; }
 add chain x y { policy drop; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
index c3bfe130..7ebfad42 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0012chain_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 flush ruleset
@@ -20,8 +12,7 @@ flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y { type filter hook output priority 0; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
index 67c31c8a..383e8347 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0013chain_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
@@ -21,8 +13,7 @@ flush ruleset
 add table w
 add chain w y { type filter hook output priority 0; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
index 955860d0..40cea8b2 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0014chain_1
@@ -2,19 +2,10 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 delete chain x y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing double-removal of chain" >&2
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
index e38634d3..b8e4cff5 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0020rule_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 1.1.1.1 counter
 flush ruleset"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
index 284a9e71..f5f6eb8b 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0021rule_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 1.1.1.1 counter
@@ -18,8 +10,7 @@ add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y ip saddr 2.2.2.2 counter"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
index 5b937acd..83c72af1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0022rule_1
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 delete chain x y
 add rule x y jump y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
 # kernel must return ENOENT
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing jump loop to unexisting chain"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
index 4c4e24cd..b43a0cce 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0023rule_1
@@ -2,19 +2,10 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add chain x y
 add rule x y jump y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
 # kernel must return ELOOP
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2>/dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2>/dev/null
 echo "E: allowing jump to chain loop"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
index ad08b7e5..464bc2b3 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0030set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 flush ruleset
 add table x"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
index 6c5757cc..0bab4993 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0031set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 delete set x y
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
index 1b41cf09..126f37e5 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0032set_0
@@ -2,22 +2,13 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 flush ruleset
 add table w
 add set w y { type ipv4_addr; }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
index 19543b3c..f7a31e8c 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0033set_0
@@ -2,20 +2,11 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 delete set x y"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
index 4cddb94d..88261032 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0034set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
index 9b20746b..d442b68e 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0035set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1, 2.2.2.2 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 2.2.2.2 }
 add element x y { 3.3.3.3 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
index 46f94573..a0deb7a0 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0036set_1
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; }
 add element x y { 1.1.1.1, 2.2.2.2 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.1 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile 2> /dev/null
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET 2> /dev/null
 # Kernel must return ENOENT
 echo "E: allowing double-removal of element"
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
index 75b1d453..4aef63f1 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0037set_0
@@ -2,21 +2,12 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 1.1.1.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 1.1.1.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
index 3120e916..fc9f1ca4 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0038set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 192.168.0.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 192.168.2.0/24 }
 add element x y { 192.168.4.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
index 3120e916..fc9f1ca4 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0039set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="add table x
 add set x y { type ipv4_addr; flags interval;}
 add element x y { 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24 }
@@ -17,8 +9,7 @@ delete element x y { 192.168.0.0/24 }
 delete element x y { 192.168.2.0/24 }
 add element x y { 192.168.4.0/24 }"
 
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
diff --git a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0 b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
index 0ffc4416..7386ecfb 100755
--- a/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
+++ b/tests/shell/testcases/transactions/0040set_0
@@ -2,14 +2,6 @@
 
 set -e
 
-tmpfile=$(mktemp)
-if [ ! -w $tmpfile ] ; then
-        echo "Failed to create tmp file" >&2
-        exit 0
-fi
-
-trap "rm -rf $tmpfile" EXIT # cleanup if aborted
-
 RULESET="table ip filter {
 	map client_to_any {
 		type ipv4_addr : verdict
@@ -28,8 +20,7 @@ RULESET="table ip filter {
 	chain CIn_1 {
 	}
 }"
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
@@ -45,8 +36,7 @@ fi
 
 RULESET="delete element ip filter client_to_any { 1.2.3.4 : goto CIn_1 }
 delete chain ip filter CIn_1"
-echo "$RULESET" > $tmpfile
-$NFT -f $tmpfile
+$NFT -f - <<< $RULESET
 if [ $? -ne 0 ] ; then
         echo "E: unable to load good ruleset" >&2
         exit 1
-- 
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